Strategic Design of Alternative Methods to Reduce Animal Testing

Chemicals do not directly injure people, animals or plants.  Chemicals interfere with normal processes in and around cells, and these disruptions may eventually injure cells and tissues that make up vital organs.  Such injuries eventually cause adverse effects and symptoms for individuals.   The sequence of biological events describing how chemical injuries in and around cells propagate as adverse effects to various tissues, organs and individuals (even populations) is called an Adverse Outcome Pathway, or just AOP.